Background: One of the diseases in the present century, which unfortunately affects the youths particularly the young girls and women, is the (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS (MS). The cause of this disease is still unclear in the view of medical specialists in the whole world. Given numerous number of MS patients and importance of identifying effective acts to promote their quality of life (QoL), this study accomplished to review the association between social support and the QoL of MS patients.Methods: This descriptive study selected 230 MS patients with simple rando(M.S.)mpling method (164 females and 66 males). MS in Isfahan, Iran was measured with a questionnaire. The variables included socioeconomic, socio-cultural, services, patient relative recovery, life satisfaction, enhanced social status, sense of security, confidence, devotion and depression supports in a Likert scale measure. After determining the reliability and validity of the primary study, the final data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.Findings: Results of this study showed that there were 71.3% females, 35.7% married, and 30.9% employed subjects. Results showed that there was a statistical significant association between the social support and life satisfaction, enhanced social status, and life expectancy, motivation for accepting the disease and symptoms, increased confidence in MS patients (r=0.28; P<0.0001).Conclusion: The results suggested that the importance of social support can lead to a sense of satisfaction with life and hope in MS patients. However, the social supports financially, educationally, in terms of training and serviced may have an impression on MS patients’ welfare, but due to lack of a definite treatment for this disease, all the social support cannot have a statistical significant association with the relative improvement of the said sufferers.

Background: (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS (MS) is a chronic disease of central nervous system, which affects economic, financial and emotional aspects in individuals, families and the society. The present study aimed to investigate the association between family caregivers’ quality of life and psychological capital of the patients with MS.Methods: This is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study, conducted on 95 MS patients and their caregivers (total of 190 subjects) referring to MS Clinic of Alzahra hospital in Isfahan, Iran, who were selected through convenient sampling. Data collection tool was including demographic characteristics, quality of life and psychological capital. After data collection, the obtained data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistical tests through SPSS software.Findings: The results showed that caregivers’ mean score of quality of life was 52.7. Mean score of psychological wealth in domains of self-efficacy, hope, tolerance and opti(M.S.) were 25.2, 19.5, 19.6 and 21.3, respectively. There was also a significant association between caregivers’ score of quality of life and MS patients’ score of psychological capital and its domains (P<0.05).Conclusion: The present study showed an association between MS patients’ family caregivers’ quality of life and MS patients’ psychological capital and its four domains among these patients. Consideration of MS patients’ family caregivers’ quality of life and its association with patients’ psychological capital is of great importance to facilitate their recovery, care and administration of efficient interventions to help their survival and recovery.

Background & Aim: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is one of the symptoms of (M.S.)diseases which is seen in 1.9% of affected population. In 0.3% of the cases it can be the first symptom of the disease. Due to no report available in Iran, the present study was done to determine the prevalence of TN in MS patients. Methods & Materials: In this descriptive and case series study, 125 patients with MS were randomly selected from the Iranian Society of (M.S.)patients. The patients were interviewed and the data regarding the age of the disease occurrence, the first sign of the illness, when the illness diagnosed and who diagnosed it, and finally the maxillofacial manifestations of the disease were collected and registered in related questionnaire. Supplemental information was also derived from the patient's files. Chi-square test was used for data analysis. Results: Of the studied patients, 72 were women and 53 men. The mean age of disease onset was 26.5 years old. The (M.S.) common symptom of the disease was optical disturbances (36%). Regarding the manifestations of the maxillofacial area, 11.2 % of the patients had experienced TN, 40.8 % trigeminal neuropathy and 20% facial palsy. The presence of TN was bilateral in 50% of the patients and in 2 patients (1.6%) was the first symptom of the illness. The maxillary and mandibular branches of trigeminal nerve were the (M.S.) affected. Statistical analysis showed a significant relation between age and sex with TN. TN was more common among the woman with (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS (p=0.002) and the mean age was lower in these patients (p=0.000). Conclusion: The dentists should be familiar with this kind of facial pain to avoid unnecessary treatments. Also in encountering a young patient with TN, they should mind MS and if TN occurs as the first manifestation of disease, to promote the right time of treatment.

Background and Objective: In patients with (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS, pain is a common phenomenon and plays an important role in mental health and quality of life of these individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of cognitive behavioral group therapy and hope-based group therapy on perception of pain in patients with MS. Materials and Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest and post-test design and control group. 45 patients were randomly selected from MS patients with pain who referred to neurological and neurology specialists in Karaj, Iran, in the first six months of 2017. The participants were assigned to three groups with 15 subjects (two intervention groups and one control group). Each intervention group was treated for 8 sessions and the control group did not receive cognitive behavioral interventions and hope-based therapy. Pain perception was measured in pretest and posttest with Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). Results: Independent results showed that both cognitive-behavioral therapy and hope-based therapy had a significant effect on pain relief in MS patients (P=0. 05). Also, the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on emotional pain was significantly different from that of hope-based therapy (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The results indicated the importance of both methods, especially cognitive behavioral therapy, in reducing pain perception in patients with MS. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use both methods to reduce pain in these patients.

Background: Quality of life is a multidimensional construct including physical health, psychological state, level of independence, and social relationships, as well as psychological symptoms, somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, and obsessive-compulsive, depression, and anxiety disorders, aggression, phobic anxiety, and paranoid ideation. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on increasing the quality of life and reducing psychological symptoms in patients with (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS.Methods: In this clinical trial study, in a pre and post design, 30 patients were randomly selected and located in equal experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental group received treatment of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for eight 90-minutes sessions. Quality of life questionnaire (QLQ) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were used to collect the data. Analysis of covariance test was used for data analysis via SPSS software.Findings: With the implementation of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in patients with (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS, the level of quality of life scores for physical health, and mental health changed as 40.40 and 44.01, respectively.In addition, the changes of aggression, anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, physical complaints and depression components were 3.20, 3.60, 3.00, 3.20 and 2.40, respectively.Conclusion: The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is an effective and evidence-based approach for psychological intervention in patients with (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS.

Introduction: This study aims to assess several medical malpractice cases and the punishment of imprisonment or non-imprisonment of  (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS (MS) patients, to investigate the legal processes of dealing with medical malpractice cases of this category of patients and provide criteria for determining the tolerance of punishment of imprisonment or non-imprisonment for them which will reduce malpractice in the process of diagnosis and treatment and also increase the awareness of the medical community. Case Report: Regarding the issue of medical malpractice, the cases of two women were investigated, in the first case, medical malpractice was proved due to not using the correct diagnostic process, and in the second case, medical malpractice was not  proved due to the use of the correct diagnostic process despite the incorrect diagnosis. Regarding the issue of tolerating imprisonment or non-imprisonment punishment, the cases of two criminals were also assessed, and after evaluating the severity of the disease, it was found that the first case which is imprisonment punishment was tolerable and the second case which is non-imprisonment punishment was found to be intolerable. Conclusion: Failure to diagnose MS disease on time and subsequent (M.S.)akes in the treatment plan will lead to filing a complaint against the attending physician, therefore, the use of correct diagnostic processes and management of complications of treatment plans are emphasized. A series of specific criteria were presented to create a uniform procedure in the issuance of medical expert opinions regarding the case of serving the tolerance of punishment imprisonment, or non-imprisonment regarding the patient's condition.

Introduction: (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS (MS) is a neurological disease that causes sudden deaf. In this research auditory disorders were studied in the patients with (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS (MS).Material & Method: This cross sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 107 patients with (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS in the range of 20-45 yrs. There were not history of trauma and middle ear disease in all cases. Sampling was randomized. A complete auditory evaluation including pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, imittance audiometry and brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential were performed on patients. Finding: In pure tone audiometry 62,19% of cases had sensory neural high tone loss. In speech audiometry and imittance audiometry 18 and 31 cases were abnormal, respectively. 14,55% of cases had abnormality in BAEP. The (M.S.) of abnormalities were prolonged latency of V, decrease of V/I amplitude ratio and poor reproducibility, respectively. With high rate of stimulation 57,77% of cases were abnormal. Statistical analysis showed significant difference between latency of V and stimulation rate. result & conclusion: According to findings of this research it seems that hearing evaluation is very important for follow-up and early rehabilitation of auditory disorder in patients with MS. Also auditory test battery especially BAEP with high stimulation rate are useful in the diagnosis, BAEP, High stimulation rate.

Purpose: To report a case of severe macular edema following the taking of fingolimod in (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS.Case Report: A 34-year-old woman with a long history of relapsing-remitting (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS presented complaining of blurred vision in the left eye that started 1 week before the presentation. She had been taking fingolimod for 4 months. She was not diabetic and had no history of uveitis but reported an episode of retrobulbar optic neuritis in both eyes. The initial ophthalmic examination, which was performed 2 weeks before initiating fingolimod, revealed a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20.25 OU and no ocular abnormalities. Upon the recent presentation, BCVA was 20.25 OD and 20.70 OS and there was no afferentpapillary defect. The examination of anterior segment and anterior vitreous was unremarkable. Retinal examination of the left eye revealed cystoid macular edema with no other inflammatory signs or vascular changes. The findings of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were compatible with macular edema and indicated that the central macular thickness (CMT) was 605 microns. Fingolimod was discontinued and sinarolac was started three ti(M.S.)daily. After 6 weeks, BCVA was 20.25 OD and 20.30 OS.Macular edema was resolved clinically and SD-OCT exhibited a significant reduction in macular edema with a CMT of 277 microns.Conclusion: Fingolimod-associated macular edema is a benign complication of the drug used for (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">MULTIPLE (M.S.)yle="font-style:inherit;color:rgb(255,0,120);">SCLEROSIS and. This complication responds well to the drug discontinuation and topical non-steroidal antiinflammatory administration.

Patients with worsening relapsing remitting MS, secondary progressive MS, and progressive relapsing MS are potential candidates for treatment with mitoxantrone. Early identification of these patients is essential because there is emerging evidence that early and aggressive treatment might delay or limit long-term disability. Treatment with mitoxantrone is associated with certain adverse events, such as carditoxicity. However, the possible benefit of treatment outweighs the risks for patients with aggressive or worsening disease. With the selection of appropriate patients and careful monitoring for adverse events, mitoxantrone can be safely administered.